Did you know that the average American generates about 4.4 pounds of waste per day? That’s over 1,600 pounds of waste per year! When it comes to our outdoor spaces, there’s a lot we can do to minimize our environmental impact and embrace a more sustainable lifestyle.
Creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces is not only beneficial for the planet, but it also allows us to enjoy the beauty of nature in our own backyards. Through sustainable landscaping, green outdoor design, and environmentally friendly practices, we can transform our outdoor spaces into havens that are both eco-conscious and aesthetically pleasing.
In this article, I will share some valuable tips and insights on how to create eco-friendly outdoor spaces. From choosing sustainable materials to incorporating native plants and maximizing water conservation, these tips will help you design outdoor environments that align with your values and contribute to a greener future.
Key Takeaways:
- Creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces is important for sustainable living.
- Choose sustainable materials for your outdoor projects.
- Incorporate native plants and promote biodiversity.
- Opt for sustainable paving and decking options.
- Ensure proper waterproofing under decks.
Choosing Sustainable Materials for Outdoor Spaces
When designing eco-friendly outdoor spaces, it’s important to choose materials that adhere to circular construction principles. By selecting sustainable materials, we can reduce waste, promote resource conservation, and create outdoor spaces that are in harmony with the environment.
One of the key aspects of sustainable design is the use of reclaimed or recycled materials. Reclaimed wood, for example, adds character and warmth to outdoor spaces while reducing the demand for new timber. Incorporating recycled glass in outdoor decor not only adds a touch of elegance but also diverts waste from landfills. Repurposed bricks can give an old-world charm to pathways and walls while minimizing the need for new construction materials.
Using reclaimed materials like wood, glass, and bricks not only reduces the demand for new resources but also provides a unique aesthetic appeal to outdoor spaces.
“The use of reclaimed and recycled materials is a sustainable choice that contributes to circular construction, reducing waste and extending the lifespan of our outdoor spaces.”
In addition to reclaimed and recycled materials, opting for durable and low-maintenance options is another sustainable choice. Stone, concrete, and composite decking are all excellent choices for outdoor flooring and structures. Stone is a natural and long-lasting material that adds timeless beauty to any outdoor design. Concrete, when properly sealed, can resist fading, cracking, and the effects of weathering. Composite decking, made from a combination of recycled wood fibers and plastic, offers the look of natural wood with minimal maintenance requirements.
| Material | Advantages |
|---|---|
| Reclaimed Wood | Reduces demand for new timber, adds character |
| Recycled Glass | Creates unique and elegant outdoor decor, diverts waste from landfills |
| Repurposed Bricks | Offers old-world charm, reduces the need for new construction materials |
| Stone | Natural and durable, adds timeless beauty to outdoor spaces |
| Concrete | Weather-resistant, requires minimal maintenance when properly sealed |
| Composite Decking | Low-maintenance alternative to natural wood |
Choosing durable and low-maintenance materials like stone, concrete, and composite decking promotes sustainability by extending the lifespan of outdoor structures.
By selecting sustainable materials for outdoor spaces, we can minimize our environmental impact and contribute to a more circular and eco-conscious approach to construction and design. Let’s embrace the beauty and benefits of sustainable materials to create outdoor spaces that are both environmentally-friendly and visually stunning.
Incorporating Native Plants and Biodiversity
When it comes to creating a sustainable landscape, incorporating native plants is a must. Native plants play a crucial role in supporting biodiversity and ensuring the overall health of our outdoor spaces. These plants have evolved over time to thrive in their specific local environments, making them well-adapted to the climate and soil conditions.
One of the key benefits of native plants is their ability to thrive with minimal water, fertilizer, and pesticides. Their natural resilience and adaptability make them an excellent choice for creating a drought-tolerant garden. By planting native species, we can reduce water consumption and minimize our impact on the environment.
Native plants also provide essential habitat and food sources for local wildlife, attracting a diverse range of beneficial insects, birds, and other animals. This promotes biodiversity and fosters a healthy ecosystem in our outdoor spaces.
Benefits of Incorporating Native Plants:
- Reduced water consumption
- Minimal need for fertilizers and pesticides
- Support for local wildlife and beneficial insects
- Promotion of biodiversity
- Enhanced resilience to local climate conditions
“Native plants are the foundation of a healthy and sustainable garden. By choosing plants that have evolved to thrive in our local ecosystems, we can create beautiful outdoor spaces that are both environmentally friendly and visually appealing.” – John Smith, Landscape Architect
When incorporating native plants, it’s important to avoid invasive species. Invasive plants can outcompete native species, leading to a loss of biodiversity and causing ecological imbalances. Before selecting plants for your outdoor space, consult local resources and experts to ensure that you are choosing species that are native to your region and do not pose a threat to the ecosystem.
Creating diverse habitats within our outdoor spaces is another crucial aspect of promoting biodiversity. By including a variety of native plants, trees, and shrubs, we can provide different niches and shelter for wildlife. This encourages a balanced ecosystem and reduces the need for excessive maintenance or intervention.
Incorporating native plants and embracing biodiversity in our outdoor spaces not only contributes to the overall sustainability of our gardens but also creates a beautiful and harmonious environment that connects us to the natural world.
Sustainable Paving and Decking Options
When it comes to creating sustainable outdoor spaces, choosing the right paving and decking options is crucial. By selecting materials that are not only durable but also eco-friendly, we can minimize our environmental impact and ensure the longevity of our outdoor spaces.
Permeable Pavers and Gravel
One sustainable option for walkways and driveways is to use permeable pavers or gravel. Permeable pavers allow rainwater to infiltrate the ground instead of contributing to runoff and erosion. This helps to recharge groundwater and prevent stormwater runoff pollution. Gravel, on the other hand, provides a natural and permeable surface that allows water to penetrate the soil, reducing the need for additional drainage systems.
Concrete Sealers for Enhanced Durability
To enhance the durability and aesthetics of your outdoor paved areas, consider applying concrete sealers. Concrete sealers create a protective barrier that helps prevent staining, cracking, and weathering. This not only extends the lifespan of the pavers but also reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving both money and resources in the long run.
Low-Maintenance Composite Decking
When it comes to decking materials, opt for composite decking. Composite decking is made from a combination of recycled wood fibers and plastic, making it a sustainable alternative to traditional wood decking. It requires minimal upkeep, as it doesn’t require staining, sealing, or painting like natural wood. Composite decking also resists mold, mildew, and insects, further reducing maintenance needs.
Choosing the Right Decking Material
When selecting composite decking, consider factors like durability, appearance, and ease of installation. Compare different brands and products to find the one that best suits your needs and preferences. Look for warranties that guarantee performance and sustainability, and check if the product has been certified by recognized environmental organizations.
The Benefits of Sustainable Paving and Decking
“By choosing sustainable paving and decking options, we not only reduce our environmental impact but also create outdoor spaces that are built to last. Permeable pavers and gravel help manage stormwater runoff, concrete sealers enhance durability, and composite decking requires minimal maintenance. Let’s choose sustainable materials and enjoy our outdoor spaces while contributing to a greener future.”
| Paving and Decking Options | Benefits |
|---|---|
| Permeable Pavers and Gravel | Reduce runoff and erosion, recharge groundwater |
| Concrete Sealers | Enhance durability, prevent staining and weathering |
| Composite Decking | Low-maintenance, sustainable alternative to wood |
Waterproofing Under Decks
Protecting the structural integrity of our outdoor spaces is crucial, and one aspect that should not be overlooked is waterproofing under decks. Failing to address this can result in moisture damage, compromising the safety and longevity of the deck. To ensure optimal results and long-term protection, it is advisable to consult with a professional contractor who specializes in under-deck waterproofing.
Moisture damage can have serious consequences for the deck, leading to rot, mold growth, and other costly repairs. By proactively waterproofing the area beneath the deck, we can prevent these issues and maintain a sustainable outdoor environment.
The Importance of Professional Contractor
While there are various do-it-yourself options available for under-deck waterproofing, relying on a professional contractor is highly recommended for several reasons:
- Expertise: Professional contractors have the necessary knowledge and experience to assess the specific needs of the deck, recommend the most suitable waterproofing methods, and execute the project effectively.
- Quality Materials: They have access to high-quality waterproofing materials and products that are specifically designed for under-deck applications. These materials offer superior protection against moisture and are built to last.
- Proper Installation: Professional contractors are skilled in ensuring proper installation of waterproofing systems, minimizing the risk of leaks and water damage. They can also address any unique challenges posed by the deck’s design or surrounding landscape.
- Long-Term Solutions: By working with a professional contractor, we can benefit from their expertise in providing long-term solutions that offer maximum protection against moisture damage. This helps preserve the deck’s integrity and extends its lifespan.
Investing in professional under-deck waterproofing not only safeguards our outdoor space but also offers peace of mind, knowing that it has been done correctly by experts.
“Waterproofing under decks is a crucial step in maintaining the structural integrity of outdoor spaces. Consulting with a professional contractor ensures that the waterproofing is done correctly, protecting the deck from moisture damage and reducing the need for expensive repairs.” – [Contractor Name], Professional Deck Waterproofing Contractor
Remember, when it comes to waterproofing under decks, it’s best to leave it to the professionals. By seeking the expertise of a professional contractor, we can prevent moisture-related issues and maintain a sustainable outdoor environment for years to come.
Now, let’s take a look at a comprehensive table that compares various under-deck waterproofing methods and their key features:
| Waterproofing Method | Key Features |
|---|---|
| Membrane System | A waterproofing membrane is installed beneath the deck to create a seamless barrier against moisture. |
| Under-Deck Ceiling Systems | A ceiling-like structure is installed beneath the deck to divert water away and create a dry space underneath. |
| Deck Drainage Systems | A system of gutters and downspouts is installed to capture and drain water away from the deck. |
| Waterproof Coatings | A liquid or spray-on coating is applied to the surface of the deck to create a protective barrier against water. |
| Concrete Sealer | A sealer is applied to the concrete surface of the deck to prevent water penetration and damage. |
Each method has its own advantages and considerations, and consulting with a professional contractor can help determine the most suitable option for your specific needs and budget.
Sustainable Lighting and Energy Solutions
To further enhance the sustainability of our outdoor spaces, I highly recommend considering energy-efficient lighting options. By utilizing LED or solar-powered fixtures, we can significantly reduce energy consumption without compromising on brightness.
One effective way to save energy is by installing motion sensors and timers for outdoor lighting. These sensors detect movement and automatically turn the lights on and off as needed. This not only minimizes energy waste but also enhances the security of our outdoor spaces.
Another innovative approach is to incorporate renewable energy sources such as solar panels or wind turbines into our outdoor lighting systems. These sustainable solutions harness the power of nature to generate clean and renewable energy for our outdoor spaces.
Additionally, investing in smart lighting controls can further optimize energy efficiency and convenience. These controls allow us to customize lighting schedules, dim levels, and even control lighting remotely, ensuring that energy is used only when and where it is needed.
| Benefits of Sustainable Lighting and Energy Solutions for Outdoor Spaces |
|---|
| Reduces energy consumption |
| Enhances security |
| Utilizes renewable energy sources |
| Allows for customizable lighting controls |
More Tips for Sustainable Lighting and Energy Solutions:
- Consider using solar-powered pathway lights to illuminate walkways and garden areas.
- Choose low wattage and energy-efficient LED bulbs for outdoor fixtures.
- Explore the option of installing solar-powered spotlights to highlight focal points or landscape features.
- Opt for fixtures with timers or motion sensors to ensure lights are only active when necessary.
“By incorporating energy-efficient lighting and renewable energy sources into our outdoor spaces, we can create a sustainable and eco-friendly environment that benefits both ourselves and the planet.”
Maximizing Water Conservation
Water conservation plays a vital role in creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces. With the increasing concern over water scarcity, it’s essential to implement strategies that help us make the most of this valuable resource. By adopting rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and drought-tolerant plants, we can significantly reduce water consumption in our outdoor environments.
Rainwater Harvesting
One effective method to maximize water conservation is through rainwater harvesting. By collecting rainwater from rooftops, we can store and utilize it for various outdoor needs such as watering plants, cleaning, or even refilling fountains or ponds. Implementing rain barrels or cisterns can provide a sustainable water source and reduce reliance on municipal water supplies.
Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation is a water-efficient technique that delivers water directly to the roots of plants, minimizing water waste through evaporation or runoff. This method can be achieved using a network of tubes or hoses with small emitters, ensuring that water is distributed precisely where it is needed. Drip irrigation not only conserves water but also promotes healthier plant growth by providing consistent moisture.
Drought-Tolerant Plants
Choosing drought-tolerant plants is an excellent strategy for water conservation in outdoor spaces. These plants have adapted to dry conditions and require minimal watering once established. By incorporating drought-tolerant species such as succulents, ornamental grasses, and native wildflowers, we can create beautiful landscapes that thrive with minimal water input.
“Water conservation is not only an environmental responsibility but also a way to save money on water bills while maintaining a stunning outdoor space.”
By combining the practices of rainwater harvesting, drip irrigation, and selecting drought-tolerant plants, we can significantly reduce water usage in our outdoor spaces. Not only does this benefit the environment by conserving water resources, but it also allows us to contribute to a more sustainable future.
| Water-Saving Techniques | Benefits |
|---|---|
| Rainwater Harvesting | – Provides a sustainable water source – Reduces reliance on municipal water |
| Drip Irrigation | – Minimizes water waste from evaporation or runoff – Enhances plant growth and health |
| Drought-Tolerant Plants | – Requires minimal watering once established – Thrives in dry and arid conditions |
Integrating Sustainable Furniture and Decor
When it comes to creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces, choosing the right furniture and decor is essential. Opting for sustainable materials not only reduces our environmental impact but also adds a touch of style to our outdoor living areas.
One great option is bamboo, a fast-growing and renewable resource that is both durable and beautiful. Bamboo furniture is not only eco-friendly but also adds a touch of natural elegance to any outdoor space. Its versatility allows for a wide range of designs, from modern to rustic.
Another sustainable material to consider is recycled plastic. By choosing outdoor furniture made from recycled plastic, we divert waste from landfills and give it new life. Recycled plastic furniture is not only eco-friendly but also resistant to moisture, decay, and fading, making it a durable and long-lasting choice.
Benefits of Eco-Friendly Furniture:
- Reducing deforestation: By opting for furniture made from sustainable materials, such as bamboo or recycled plastic, we help protect our forests and preserve natural habitats for wildlife.
- Minimizing pollution: Eco-friendly furniture reduces the demand for new materials, reducing the pollution associated with their production and transportation.
- Longevity and durability: Furniture made from sustainable materials is designed to withstand the elements, ensuring long-lasting enjoyment of outdoor spaces.
- Stylish and versatile: Eco-friendly furniture comes in a variety of styles and designs, allowing us to create personalized outdoor spaces that reflect our taste and aesthetic.
When decorating our eco-friendly outdoor spaces, we should also consider green outdoor decor options. Opt for accessories made from sustainable materials, such as recycled glass or repurposed metal. Choose planters, wind chimes, and sculptures that not only add beauty but also have a positive impact on the environment.
By integrating sustainable furniture and decor into our outdoor spaces, we can enjoy stylish and environmentally conscious outdoor living while contributing to the reduction of deforestation and pollution.
| Sustainable Materials | Benefits |
|---|---|
| Bamboo | – Fast-growing and renewable resource. – Durable and stylish. – Adds a touch of natural elegance. |
| Recycled Plastic | – Diverts waste from landfills. – Resistant to moisture, decay, and fading. – Durable and long-lasting. |
Creating a Native Plant Haven
Xeriscaping is an eco-friendly landscaping technique that involves using drought-resistant regional plants that require minimal water. By planting native species and creating a xeriscape, we can reduce our water bill and the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. These self-reliant plants can thrive in hot and dry areas, providing a beautiful and environmentally conscious outdoor space.
When it comes to designing an eco-friendly outdoor space, xeriscaping is a sustainable approach that not only conserves water but also supports the local ecosystem. By utilizing regional plants, we can ensure that our outdoor space aligns with the natural environment and promotes biodiversity.
Native plants are adapted to the specific climate and soil conditions of a region, making them more resilient to drought and other environmental factors. These plants have evolved over time to be self-reliant, requiring minimal water due to their efficient root systems and natural defense mechanisms against pests. By incorporating native species into our xeriscape, we can create a low-maintenance and water-efficient outdoor space.
Benefits of Xeriscaping with Regional Plants
Switching to xeriscaping and using regional plants offers numerous benefits for both the environment and homeowners. Some key advantages include:
- Minimal water usage: Regional plants have adapted to the local climate, reducing the need for excessive watering. This helps conserve water resources and lowers water bills.
- Sustainable gardening: By reducing water usage and minimizing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides, xeriscaping with regional plants promotes a more sustainable approach to gardening.
- Biodiversity preservation: Regional plants support native pollinators, birds, and other wildlife, enhancing biodiversity and creating a healthy ecosystem right in our own backyard.
- Economic savings: Xeriscaping requires less maintenance, fertilizer, and water, resulting in long-term cost savings for homeowners.
- Climate resilience: Native plants are naturally adapted to the local climate, making them more resilient to temperature fluctuations, droughts, and other environmental challenges.
By creating a native plant haven through xeriscaping, we can transform our outdoor space into a beautiful oasis that celebrates sustainability and reduces our environmental footprint.
“Xeriscaping with regional plants not only conserves water but also supports the local ecosystem, creating a self-sustaining and environmentally friendly outdoor space.”
Example of Regional Plants for Xeriscaping
| Plant Name | Water Requirements | Sun Exposure | Blooming Season |
|---|---|---|---|
| Desert Marigold (Baileya multiradiata) | Low | Full Sun | Spring to Fall |
| Red Yucca (Hesperaloe parviflora) | Low | Full Sun | Spring to Summer |
| Golden Barrel Cactus (Echinocactus grusonii) | Very Low | Full Sun | Spring |
| Purple Sage (Salvia dorrii) | Low | Full Sun | Summer |
| Desert Spoon (Dasylirion spp.) | Low | Full Sun | Spring to Summer |
These are just a few examples of regional plants that can thrive in a xeriscape. It is important to research and select plants that are native to your specific region to ensure their adaptability and success in your outdoor space.
By embracing xeriscaping and incorporating native plant species, we can create a beautiful and sustainable outdoor haven that conserves water, supports biodiversity, and contributes to a greener future.
Designing Outdoor Spaces for Functionality and Sustainability
When it comes to creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces, designing with functionality and sustainability in mind is crucial. By prioritizing durability and low-maintenance design, we can ensure that our outdoor spaces not only withstand the test of time but also contribute to a sustainable lifestyle. Let’s explore some key elements to consider:
Prioritizing Durability
Choosing materials and features that offer durability is essential for the long-term sustainability of our outdoor spaces. Opting for weather-resistant furniture, such as aluminum or teak, can ensure that our exteriors are built to last. Investing in durable outdoor structures, like pergolas or gazebos, can provide functional and sturdy additions to our spaces. By selecting durable elements, we reduce the need for frequent replacements and minimize waste.
Low-Maintenance Design
Creating a low-maintenance outdoor space not only saves us time and effort but also reduces our environmental impact. Incorporating features such as easy-to-clean surfaces, like composite decking or stone pavers, can simplify maintenance tasks. Choosing native plants or drought-tolerant species reduces the need for excessive watering or ongoing care. With a low-maintenance design, we can enjoy our outdoor spaces without constant upkeep and contribute to a sustainable lifestyle.
Ensuring Safety
Safety is a crucial aspect of outdoor design that should not be overlooked. When designing outdoor spaces, it’s important to consider factors such as proper lighting, slip-resistant surfaces, and secure seating options. Incorporating features such as motion sensor lighting or handrails can enhance the safety and usability of our outdoor areas. By prioritizing safety, we create an environment that is not only sustainable but also enjoyable for all.
“Designing outdoor spaces that prioritize functionality and sustainability allows us to create environments that bring us closer to nature, while also reducing our ecological footprint.” – [Author]
To illustrate the importance of design elements in functional and sustainable outdoor spaces, let’s take a look at the following table that highlights key considerations:
| Design Consideration | Benefits |
|---|---|
| Durability | Extended lifespan, reduced waste |
| Low-Maintenance Design | Time and energy savings, reduced resource consumption |
| Safety | Enhanced usability, minimized risks |
In conclusion, designing outdoor spaces that prioritize functionality and sustainability is key to creating eco-friendly environments. By emphasizing durability, low-maintenance design, and safety, we can enhance the longevity and usability of our outdoor spaces while minimizing our ecological impact. Let’s strive for outdoor areas that are not only beautiful but also built with a commitment to sustainability.
Conclusion
Creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces is not only a way to celebrate sustainable living and green design, but also a means to make a positive impact on the environment. By implementing sustainable practices and choosing environmentally friendly materials, we can transform our backyards into beautiful and sustainable outdoor havens.
Through sustainable landscaping techniques, such as incorporating native plants and promoting biodiversity, we can create a harmonious relationship between our outdoor spaces and the natural world. By maximizing water conservation and choosing low-maintenance options, we can reduce our environmental footprint and minimize the need for excessive resources.
Eco-friendly outdoor spaces allow us to enjoy all the benefits of green living while connecting with nature. From energy-efficient lighting solutions to sustainable furniture choices, we can create functional and environmentally conscious outdoor environments. Let’s embrace eco-conscious choices and take pride in the beauty and sustainability of our eco-friendly outdoor spaces.
FAQ
Why is creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces important?
Creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces is important for celebrating sustainable living and green design in our own backyards. By using sustainable materials, native plants, and energy-efficient solutions, we can reduce our environmental impact and create beautiful outdoor spaces that are in harmony with nature.
What materials should I choose for an eco-friendly outdoor space?
When designing eco-friendly outdoor spaces, it’s important to choose materials that adhere to circular construction principles. This can include using reclaimed or recycled materials such as wood, glass, or bricks. Opting for durable and low-maintenance materials like stone, concrete, or composite decking is also a sustainable choice.
How can I incorporate native plants into my outdoor space?
Incorporating native plants into your outdoor space is essential for creating a sustainable landscape. Native plants are adapted to the local climate, requiring less water, fertilizer, and pesticides. They also attract beneficial insects and wildlife, enhancing biodiversity.
What are some sustainable options for paving and decking?
When it comes to creating sustainable outdoor spaces, choosing the right paving and decking options is crucial. Consider using permeable pavers or gravel for walkways and driveways to reduce runoff and erosion. Apply concrete sealers to enhance the durability and aesthetics of pavers. For decking, opt for composite materials that require minimal upkeep.
Why is waterproofing under decks important?
Waterproofing under decks is essential for protecting the structural integrity of your outdoor space. Moisture damage can make the deck unsafe and lead to costly repairs. Consulting with a professional contractor can ensure optimal results and long-term protection.
What are some energy-efficient lighting options for outdoor spaces?
To enhance the sustainability of your outdoor space, consider utilizing LED or solar-powered fixtures to reduce energy consumption without compromising brightness. Install motion sensors and timers to automate lighting, saving energy and enhancing security. Additionally, explore the possibility of incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar panels or wind turbines to generate clean energy for the outdoor space.
What are some water conservation techniques for outdoor spaces?
Water conservation is a crucial aspect of creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces. Collecting rainwater through rain barrels or cisterns can provide a sustainable water source for watering plants or other outdoor needs. Implementing drip irrigation systems and selecting drought-tolerant plants can further reduce water consumption.
How can I choose sustainable furniture and decor for my outdoor space?
Choosing sustainable furniture and decor options is an important step in creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces. Look for companies that use sustainable materials like bamboo or recycled plastic when selecting outdoor furniture.
What is xeriscaping and how can I create a native plant haven?
Xeriscaping is an eco-friendly landscaping technique that involves using drought-resistant regional plants that require minimal water. By planting native species and creating a xeriscape, you can reduce your water bill and the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
How can I design outdoor spaces for functionality and sustainability?
Designing outdoor spaces with functionality and sustainability in mind is a key aspect of creating eco-friendly environments. By prioritizing durability and low-maintenance design, you can ensure that your outdoor spaces can withstand the test of time while minimizing the need for excessive maintenance or replacement.
Why should I create eco-friendly outdoor spaces?
Creating eco-friendly outdoor spaces is a rewarding journey that allows us to celebrate sustainable living and green design in our own backyards. By implementing sustainable practices, choosing environmentally friendly materials, and considering the needs of our outdoor spaces, we can create beautiful and sustainable outdoor environments that benefit both ourselves and the planet.